Tziminema unachi n. gen., n. sp. (Nematoda: Strongylidae: Strongylinae) parasite of Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii from Mexico.

A new genus and species of nematode, Tziminema unachi n. gen., n. sp. is described from the caecum and colon of Baird's tapir Tapirus bairdii (Gill, 1865), found dead in the Reserva de la Biósfera El Triunfo, Chiapas State, in the Neotropical realm of Mexico. Tziminema n. gen. differs from the other nine genera included in the Strongylinae by two main characteristics: having 7-9 posteriorly directed tooth-like structures at the anterior end of the buccal capsule, and the external surface of the buccal capsule being heavily striated. Phylogenetic analyses of the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and nuclear DNA, including a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 1, 5.8S and a partial sequence of the internal transcribed spacer 2 of the new taxon, confirmed its inclusion in Strongylinae and its rank as a new genus.

Body mass index in girls with idiopathic central precocious puberty during and after treatment with GnRH analogues.

BACKGROUND: In girls with Idiopathic Central Precocious Puberty (ICPP) concern has been raised by the potential impact of GnRH-analogues (GnRHa) treatment on body weight. We evaluated the effect of GnRHa on Body Mass Index (BMI) in girls with ICPP according to weight status at diagnosis. METHODS: One hundred seventeen ICPP girls were divided according to pretreatment weight status in: normal weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB). BMI at one and two years of treatment was assessed. BMI-SDS of 60 patients who reached adult height (AH) was compared to that of 33 ICPP untreated girls. RESULTS: NW girls significantly increased their baseline BMI-SDS at 1 and 2 years of treatment. OW girls only had a significant increment at one year of treatment while OB girls showed no BMI-SDS change. Patients evaluated at AH (at least four years after GnRHa withdrawal) showed a significant decrease on BMI compared to baseline and a significantly lower BMI than the untreated group. CONCLUSION: In ICPP girls the BMI increase under GnRHa was inversely related to the pretreatment weight status. In the long term follow-up, no detrimental effect of GnRHa on body weight was observed. BMI-SDS was lower in treated than in untreated girls.

Estudios de la región 5'UTR del gen FMR-1 en pacientes con falla ovárica prematura / Studies of the 5' - UTRTR region in the FMR-1 gene in patients withe Premature Ovarian Failure

La falla ovárica prematura (FOP) es un síndrome de patogénesis multicausal que afecta aproximadamente al 1% de las mujeres en edad reproductiva. Numerosos estudios asocian el estado de premutación (amplificación del número de tripletes CGG entre 50/55 y 200 repeticiones) en el gen FMR-1 y FOP. Alrededor de un 4% de las pacientes FOP presentan alelos con premutación. La amplificación del número de tripletes por encima de 200 repeticiones causa el Síndrome de Fragilidad del X (SFX). El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estudiar la región 5´ no codificante del gen en un grupo de pacientes FOP de Argentina. La región de interés se amplificó por PCR a partir de muestras de ADN de 100 pacientes FOP y 145 mujeres controles. Los alelos de las pacientes y controles fueron agrupados en 7 categorías de acuerdo al número de tripletes obtenidos. Se observó que el número de repeticiones más frecuente se encuentra en el rango de 26 a 30 tripletes, tanto en pacientes como en controles. En el grupo de pacientes FOP, 5/197 (2.6%) alelos no relacionados estudiados presentaron un número de tripletes CGG mayor a 50, mientras que sólo 1 de 290 (0.34%) para el grupo control. Todas las pacientes FOP con valores de tripletes CGG mayor a 50 presentaron amenorrea secundaria. Estos resultados están en concordancia con lo comunicado para otras poblaciones acerca de la existencia de una asociación entre la premutación del gen FMR-1 y el desarrollo de FOP. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos refuerzan la importancia de la genotipificación del gen FMR-1 en las pacientes FOP, a los efectos de estimar el riesgo de su descendencia para el SFX.

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a syndrome of multicausal pathogenesis that affects 1% of women before the age of 40. Several studies associate the premutation state (CGG repeats increased in number between 50/55 and 200) in the FMR-1 gene and POF. About 4% of POF women have alleles in the FMR-1 gene in the permutation range. An increase above 200 in the number of triplets in this gene causes the Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). The purpose of the present study was to analyze the 5´untranslated region of the FMR-1 gene in a group of patients from Argentina. The region of interest was amplified by PCR from DNA samples of 100 POF patients and 145 control women. Alleles from controls and patients were grouped in 7 categories according to the number of triplets obtained. We observed that the most frequent number of repeats ranged from 26 to 30 triplets, in both patient and control groups. In the POF group, 5 out of 197 (2.6%) not related alleles presented a number of CGG triplets higher than 50, while only 1 out of 290 (0.34%) was present in controls. All POF patients with a number of CGG repeats higher than 50 presented secondary amenorrhea. These results are in accordance with previous reports from other populations showing an association between the premutation state in the FMR-1 gene and POF development. In addition, these results reinforce the importance of genotyping POF patients to estimate the risk of their offspring for Fragile X Syndrome.

Anemia versus disease activity as cause of fatigue in rheumatoid arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Fatigue is a common complaint in rheumatoid arthritis patients and contributes to loss of quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of hemoglobin levels and disease activity index upon fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: We studied 130 RA patients for DAS 28, hemoglobin levels and fatigue as measured by FACIT F. RESULTS: No association between fatigue with hemoglobin levels was observed. A positive association with DAS-28 was found. Decomposing DAS-28, no association could be detected with sedimentation rate but a positive correlation with analogical scale for general health, number of swollen and painful joints was found. CONCLUSION: Although a positive association of fatigue with DAS-28 is found it appears that the most important items in connection with fatigue are swollen and tender joints as well as general health status. Hemoglobin levels were not related to fatigue in our patients.

Mutations of the KISS1 gene in disorders of puberty.

CONTEXT: Kisspeptin, encoded by the KISS1 gene, is a key stimulatory factor of GnRH secretion and puberty onset. Inactivating mutations of its receptor (KISS1R) cause isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). A unique KISS1R-activating mutation was described in central precocious puberty (CPP). OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to investigate KISS1 mutations in patients with idiopathic CPP and normosmic IHH. PATIENTS: Eighty-three children with CPP (77 girls) and 61 patients with IHH (40 men) were studied. The control group consisted of 200 individuals with normal pubertal development. METHODS: The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 were amplified and sequenced. Cells expressing KISS1R were stimulated with synthetic human wild-type or mutant kisspeptin-54 (kp54), and inositol phosphate accumulation was measured. In a second set of experiments, kp54 was preincubated in human serum before stimulation of the cells. RESULTS: Two novel KISS1 missense mutations, p.P74S and p.H90D, were identified in three unrelated children with idiopathic CPP. Both mutations were absent in 400 control alleles. The p.P74S mutation was identified in the heterozygous state in a boy who developed CPP at 1 yr of age. The p.H90D mutation was identified in the homozygous state in two unrelated girls with CPP. In vitro studies revealed that the capacity of the P74S and H90D mutants to stimulate IP production was similar to the wild type. After preincubation of wild-type and mutant kp54 in human serum, the capacity to stimulate signal transduction was significantly greater for P74S compared with the wild type, suggesting that the p.P74S variant is more stable. Only polymorphisms were found in the IHH group. CONCLUSION: Two KISS1 mutations were identified in unrelated patients with idiopathic CPP. The p.P74S variant was associated with higher kisspeptin resistance to degradation in comparison with the wild type, suggesting a role for this mutation in the precocious puberty phenotype.

Temporal changes of selected chemical properties in three manure - amended soils of Hawaii.

Soil amendment with organic materials (crop residues animal manure, and green manure) reportedly has positive effects on soil properties, from acidity to plant-nutrient availability. To examine that hypothesis, an incubation study was conducted to assess the changes in some chemical properties of three different tropical soils (Andisol, Ultisol, and Oxisol) amended with chicken manure and green manure (Leucaena leucocephala) at the rate of 10tha(-1). The results showed that organic amendments raised soil pH and EC, regardless of the type of manure used. Manuring lowered the concentrations of Mehlich-3 extractable Ca, P, Mn and Si in all soils and decreased the concentration of Mg in the Ultisol and Oxisol. However, manure amendment led to increases in the concentrations of Mg and K in the Andisol. Organic amendments caused a decrease in KCl extractable Al. Initial soluble C levels were highest in the Oxisol (60micromolg(-1)) and lowest in the Andisol (20micromolg(-1)). The concentration of soluble C decreased exponentially with duration of incubation. Three low molecular weight organic molecules (acetic acid, catechol and oxalic acid) out of the eight tested were found in all manure-amended soils. This study quantified the release of some Al chelating organic acids, the reduction of exchangeable Al, and the changes in major plant-nutrients when organic materials were added to nutrient poor, tropical acid soils.

Características clínicas, endocrinas y metabólicas de una población argentina de niñas con pubarca prematura / Clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings in argentinean girls with premature pubarche

La pubarca prematura se ha asociado con alteraciones hormonales y metabólicas. Se estudiaron 40 niñas con pubarca prematura de 7,23 ± 0,29 años (media ± ESM). Se evaluó grado de desarrollo, talla, edad ósea, IMC y peso al nacimiento (PN). Se dosaron andrógenos, gonadotrofinas, lípidos, glucemia e insulina, HOMA e índice glucemia/insulina (G/I) y se compararon con un grupo control normal de 25 niñas. Las pacientes se dividieron según el nivel de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (SDHEA) en dos grupos, Pre A (Pre adrenarca), < 400 ng/ml, n= 17 y Post A (Post adrenarca) < 400 ng/ml , n= 23. El grupo Post A tuvo mayor edad cronológica, edad ósea y grado de vello pubiano que el Pre A, sin diferencias en IMC ni en peso de nacimiento (PN). Insulina y HOMA fueron mayores y G/I menor en Post A que en Pre A y grupo control. Dos niñas en Post A tuvieron franca resistencia a la insulina. 64 % de las niñas en Pre A y 59 % en Post A tuvieron valores elevados o limítrofes de colesterol total (CT). Conclusiones: el grupo Post A presentó menor sensibilidad insulínica y ambos grupos de pacientes tuvieron valores de CT elevados, alteraciones que podrían favorecer el riesgo de futuras complicaciones. Se recomienda el seguimiento a largo plazo de todas las niñas con pubarca prematura.

Precocious pubarche in girls is caused by premature adrenarche in most cases. Less frequently it occurs in absence of biochemical markers of adrenarche being ascribed to increased target tissue sensitivity. Premature pubarche with pronounced adrenarche has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipemia, especially in girls with history of low birth weight. Most studies have been conducted in hispanic and affrican-american patients. We studied a total of 40 argentinean girls with isolated premature pubarche, aged 7.23 ± 0.29 years (mean ± SEM) at the moment of diagnosis. Grade of sexual development, height, weight, BMI and birth weight (BW) were recorded. Dehidroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), 17OH progesterone (17 OHP), SHBG, LH, FSH, PRL and estradiol were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL- C), triglycerides (TGC), glucose, insulin, HOMA and fasting glucose/ insulin index (G/I) were evaluated and compared with those in a control group of 25 normal girls. Patients were divided into two groups: Pre A (Pre adrenarche), with DHEAS < 400 ng/ml, and Post A (Post adrenarche), with DHEAS > 400 ng/ml. Post A girls had higher chronological age, bone age advancement and grade of pubic hair development than Pre A girls. No difference was found regarding BMI or BW. Besides higher DHEAS levels, Post A girls showed elevated A and 17OHP levels than Pre A girls (86 ± 8 vs 35 ± 4 ng/dl, p<0. 0001 and 1.1 ± 0.09 vs 0.75 ± 0.07 ng/ml, p< 0.01, respectively). Insulin levels (µUI/ml) were 4.51 ± 0.75 in Pre A, 6.53 ± 1.11 in Post A and 4.05 ± 0.45 in control group. Fasting G/I was 24.07 ± 3.75 in Pre A , 18.4 ± 2.34 in Post A and 25.41 ± 2.31 in controls. HOMA was 0.90 ± 0.12 in Pre A, 1.35 ± 0.22 in Post A and 0.89 ± 0.11 in control group. Post A girls had higher insulin and HOMA and lower G/I than control group girls (p<0.05) while those parameters in Pre A girls were not different than in normal control subjects. Only two patients in Post A group had HOMA and G/I consistent with insulin resistance. TC was higher in Pre A than in control group (182.2 ± 4.9 vs156.7 ± 8.5 mg/dl, p<0.05). According to The National Cholesterol Education Program definition, 64 % of Pre A girls and 59 % of Post A girls had elevated or borderline TC levels. TGC values were not different among Pre A, Post A and control group (81.1 ±7.1, 77.6 ± 6.1 and 71.9 ± 4.7 mg/dl, respectively. Summary and Conclusions: In this cohort of argentinean girls with premature pubarche, we did not find a significant history of intrauterine growth retardation. Patients with biochemical pattern of adrenarche showed clinical signs of androgen exposure (accelerated bone age, more advanced degree of pubic hair development) and a serum profile suggestive of reduced insulin sensitivity compared with those without biochemical adrenarche. Both groups of patients had undesirable total cholesterol levels. These findings support the recommendation of long-term follow-up for all girls with premature pubarche.

Interaction of sodium nitroprusside/liposome system with bovine serum albumin: a short-cut determination.

A rapid determination of protein-liposome binding was developed to predict the circulation time of the system within an animal, which is a function of the amount and type of protein bound. The binding pattern of albumin to liposomes, with and without sodium nitroprusside (SNP), was analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Liposomes were made of egg yolk lecithin, soybean lecithin and dimyristoyl lecithin, and contained SNP. They bound 58%, 26% and 100% bovine serum albumin, respectively, when compared to their corresponding controls lacking SNP. The method applied is simpler and significantly faster than ordinary chemical determinations.

El deseo de embarazo, una variable a indagar en las adolescentes / Wished pregnancy: a variable for to investigate in adolescents

Objetivos: Avanzar en el conocimiento respecto del deseo de embarazo en las adolescentes, y las relaciones que guardan con las conductas reproductivas, con las representaciones de género y con diversas variables psicosociales. Material y método: Se entrevistaron 100 pacientes, en forma no aleatoria, de la Sección Adolescencia, Hospital B. Rivadavia, que hubieran iniciado relaciones sexuales, 50 por ciento de las cuales habían estado alguna vez embarazadas. Se recogió información a través de dos procedimientos: una modalidad cuantitativa, por medio de una encuesta y otra cualitativa basada en entrevistas semidirigidas. Los datos fueron procesados con el S.P.S.S. resultados: 42 por ciento del total de las pacientes encuestadas manifestaron haber deseado un embarazo en algún momento de sus vidas. 6 por ciento consultaba porque buscaba un embarazo en el momento de la encuesta. Ante la pregunta de cuándo se había manifestado ese deseo 30 por ciento dijo desearlo en la actualidad, 22 por ciento en los últimos 12 meses, y la mitad en años anteriores. El deseo se manifestó en mayor proporción entre quienes habían abandonado sus estudios secundarios o sólo tenían nivel primario: 85 por ciento de las pacientes que estaban estudiando no deseaban quedar embarazadas. Respecto del uso de métodos anticonceptivos, 55 por ciento de las jóvenes que manifestaron no tener deseo de embarzo no utilizaban ninguno. De las pacientes que estuvieron embarazadas, 42 por ciento no refirió deseo de embarazo mientras que 58 por ciento sí lo deseó; 25 por ciento lo deseó en el último año, y 18 por ciento lo deseaba en ese momento. 35 por ciento de estos embarazos deseados fueron buscados y 52 por ciento no buscó el embarazo pero tampoco usó ningún método anticonceptivo. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos apoyan nuestra hipótesis acreca de la importancia de indagar en la consulta clínica sobre el deseo de embarazo- manifiesto o no- para crear así adecuadas estrategias asistenciales. Reafirmamos entonces que el deseo de embarazo, juntamente con otras variables, estaría sustentando ciertas conductas reproductivas

El deseo de embarazo, una variable a indagar en las adolescentes / Wished pregnancy: a variable for to investigate in adolescents

Objetivos: Avanzar en el conocimiento respecto del deseo de embarazo en las adolescentes, y las relaciones que guardan con las conductas reproductivas, con las representaciones de género y con diversas variables psicosociales. Material y método: Se entrevistaron 100 pacientes, en forma no aleatoria, de la Sección Adolescencia, Hospital B. Rivadavia, que hubieran iniciado relaciones sexuales, 50 por ciento de las cuales habían estado alguna vez embarazadas. Se recogió información a través de dos procedimientos: una modalidad cuantitativa, por medio de una encuesta y otra cualitativa basada en entrevistas semidirigidas. Los datos fueron procesados con el S.P.S.S. resultados: 42 por ciento del total de las pacientes encuestadas manifestaron haber deseado un embarazo en algún momento de sus vidas. 6 por ciento consultaba porque buscaba un embarazo en el momento de la encuesta. Ante la pregunta de cuándo se había manifestado ese deseo 30 por ciento dijo desearlo en la actualidad, 22 por ciento en los últimos 12 meses, y la mitad en años anteriores. El deseo se manifestó en mayor proporción entre quienes habían abandonado sus estudios secundarios o sólo tenían nivel primario: 85 por ciento de las pacientes que estaban estudiando no deseaban quedar embarazadas. Respecto del uso de métodos anticonceptivos, 55 por ciento de las jóvenes que manifestaron no tener deseo de embarzo no utilizaban ninguno. De las pacientes que estuvieron embarazadas, 42 por ciento no refirió deseo de embarazo mientras que 58 por ciento sí lo deseó; 25 por ciento lo deseó en el último año, y 18 por ciento lo deseaba en ese momento. 35 por ciento de estos embarazos deseados fueron buscados y 52 por ciento no buscó el embarazo pero tampoco usó ningún método anticonceptivo. Conclusiones: Los datos obtenidos apoyan nuestra hipótesis acreca de la importancia de indagar en la consulta clínica sobre el deseo de embarazo- manifiesto o no- para crear así adecuadas estrategias asistenciales. Reafirmamos entonces que el deseo de embarazo, juntamente con otras variables, estaría sustentando ciertas conductas reproductivas (AU)

Disruption of the synchronous secretion of leptin, LH, and ovarian androgens in nonobese adolescents with the polycystic ovarian syndrome.

The present study probes putative disruption of hypothalamic control of multihormone outflow in polycystic ovarian syndrome by quantitating the joint synchrony of leptin and LH release in adolescents with this syndrome and eumenorrheic controls. To this end, hyperandrogenemic oligo- or anovulatory patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome (n = 11) and healthy girls (n = 9) underwent overnight blood sampling every 20 min for 12 h to monitor simultaneous secretion of leptin (immuno-radiometric assay), LH (immunofluorometry), and androstenedione and T (RIA). Synchronicity of paired leptin-LH, leptin-androstenedione, and leptin-T profiles was appraised by two independent bivariate statistics; viz., lag-specific cross-correlation analysis and pattern-sensitive cross-approximate entropy. The study groups were comparable in chronological and postmenarchal age, body mass index, fasting plasma insulin/glucose ratios, and serum E2 concentrations. Overnight mean (+/- SEM) serum leptin concentrations were not distinguishable in the two study groups at 30 +/- 4.8 (polycystic ovarian syndrome) and 32 +/- 7.4 microg/liter (control). Serum LH concentrations were elevated at 9.5 +/- 1.4 in girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome vs. 2.8 +/- 0.36 IU/liter in healthy subjects (P = 0.0015), androstenedione at 2.8 +/- 0.30 (polycystic ovarian syndrome) vs. 1.2 +/- 0.11 ng/ml (control) (P = 0.0002), and T at 1.56 +/- 0.29 (polycystic ovarian syndrome) vs. 0.42 +/- 0.06 ng/ml (P < 0.0001). Cross-correlation analysis shows that healthy adolescents maintained a positive relationship between leptin and LH release, wherein the latter lagged by 20 min (P < 0.01). No such association emerged in girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome. In eumenorrheic volunteers, leptin and androstenedione concentrations also covaried in a lag-specific manner (0.0001 < P < 0.01), but this linkage was disrupted in patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Anovulatory adolescents further failed to sustain normal time-lagged coupling between leptin and T (P < 0.01). Approximate entropy calculations revealed erosion of orderly patterns of leptin release in polycystic ovarian syndrome (P = 0.012 vs. control). Cross-entropy analysis of two-hormone pattern regularity disclosed marked disruption of leptin and LH (P = 0.0099), androstenedione and leptin (P = 0.0075) and T-leptin (P = 0.019) synchrony in girls with polycystic ovarian syndrome. In summary, hyperandrogenemic nonobese adolescents with oligo- or anovulatory polycystic ovarian syndrome manifest: 1) abrogation of the regularity of monohormonal leptin secretory patterns, despite normal mean serum leptin concentrations; 2) loss of the bihormonal synchrony between leptin and LH release; and 3) attenuation of coordinate leptin and androstenedione as well as leptin and T output. In ensemble, polycystic ovarian syndrome pathophysiology in lean adolescents is marked by vivid impairment of the synchronous outflow of leptin, LH and androgens. Whether analogous disruption of leptin-gonadal axis integration is ameliorated by therapy and/or persists into adulthood is not known.

Disruption of the joint synchrony of luteinizing hormone, testosterone, and androstenedione secretion in adolescents with polycystic ovarian syndrome.

The present study explores the postulate that the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is marked by failure of physiological feedforward and feedback signaling between pituitary LH and ovarian androgens. To this end, we appraised the 3-fold simultaneous overnight release of LH (assayed by high precision immunofluorometry), testosterone (RIA), and androstenedione (RIA) in 12 an- or oligoovulatory adolescents with PCOS (mean +/- SEM age, 16.4 +/- 0.47 yr) and 10 eumenorrheic girls (age, 16.5 +/- 0.45 yr). Gynecological (postmenarchal) ages (years) were also comparable at 4.8 +/- 0.39 (PCOS) and 4.0 +/- 3.6 (control; P = NS). Body mass index and fasting serum insulin and estradiol concentrations were indistinguishable in the two study cohorts. Mean overnight serum concentrations of LH (assayed by both immunofluorometry and Leydig cell bioassay), testosterone, androstenedione, and 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone were each elevated significantly in patients with PCOS (all P

[Molecular analysis of the most frequent mutations associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia secondary to 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency]. / Análisis molecular de las mutaciones más frecuentes asociadas a la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita por déficit de la enzima 21 hidroxilasa.

Most cases (90%) of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are secondary to steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency (P450c21). In human, the P450c21 gene (CYP21B) is present along with a non functional pseudogene (CYP21A). These genes, located in chromosome 6, present a sequence homology of 98%. This high homology and the complexity of this gene locus brings about considerable difficulties in its molecular analysis and in the interpretation of the results. The aim of the present study was to elaborate an adequate strategy for the analysis of the most frequent mutations described in the CYP21B gene. A total of 77 patients with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of CAH secondary to P450c21 enzyme deficiency, as well as 170 unaffected relatives, were studied. They belonged to 73 unrelated families (146 chromosomes). The strategy allowed for the differentiation of patients with homozygous point mutations (PM), with PM in one allele and deletions, conversions, Ex3 or Cluster Ex6 PM in the other, even though parents were not always available for the study. Furthermore, it allowed for the discrimination of heterozygous deletions or conversions of the CYP21B gene from duplications of the non functional gene CYP21A, as well as CYP21B and A deletions from normal copies of the two genes. An exhaustive molecular analysis of this gene is necessary for an adequate characterization of the alterations present in this locus.

¿Qué conocen las adolescentes sobre HIV/SIDA?: significación y conceptualización que sobre ésta enfermedad tiene un grupo de adolescentes / What do adolescents know about VIH/AIDS?

Objetivo: evaluar la información que tiene sobre SIDA un grupo de adolescentes. Material y métodos: encuesta a 100 adolescentes entre 13 y 20 años. Variables investigadas: conocimiento de SIDA, formas de contagio, preocupación respecto al SIDA, prevención, método anticonceptivo y escolaridad. Resultados y conclusiones: 93 por ciento de las adolescentes encuestadas dijeron saber qué es el SIDA, 94 por ciento conocían formas de transmisión, aunque ninguna reconoció la transmisión vertical: 55,59 por ciento mencionó las relaciones sexuales, 25 por ciento la sangre, 14,47 por ciento las inyecciones, agujas. Al 86 por ciento les preocupaba la enfermedad pero sólo el 68 por ciento usaría el condón para evitarlo y lo más impactante es que sólo el 15 por ciento lo utilizaba como método anticonceptivo. ¿Por qué, aún sabiendo, no se protegen efectivamente?. Esta es una muestra pequeña pero a la vez representativa para que los profesionales tengamos en cuenta que debemos revalorizar la importancia de la prevención primaria para evitar que los jóvenes se encuentren en situaciones de riesgo (embarazo, ETS) y la necesidad de programas de educación sexual que permitan aumentar los conocimientos acerca de la salud reproductiva. Las dificultades intrínsecas de ésta etapa de la vida hacen imprescindible la instrumentación de políticas de prevención a fin de concientizar acerca de éste grave problema

¿Qué conocen las adolescentes sobre HIV/SIDA?: significación y conceptualización que sobre ésta enfermedad tiene un grupo de adolescentes / What do adolescents know about VIH/AIDS?

Objetivo: evaluar la información que tiene sobre SIDA un grupo de adolescentes. Material y métodos: encuesta a 100 adolescentes entre 13 y 20 años. Variables investigadas: conocimiento de SIDA, formas de contagio, preocupación respecto al SIDA, prevención, método anticonceptivo y escolaridad. Resultados y conclusiones: 93 por ciento de las adolescentes encuestadas dijeron saber qué es el SIDA, 94 por ciento conocían formas de transmisión, aunque ninguna reconoció la transmisión vertical: 55,59 por ciento mencionó las relaciones sexuales, 25 por ciento la sangre, 14,47 por ciento las inyecciones, agujas. Al 86 por ciento les preocupaba la enfermedad pero sólo el 68 por ciento usaría el condón para evitarlo y lo más impactante es que sólo el 15 por ciento lo utilizaba como método anticonceptivo. ¿Por qué, aún sabiendo, no se protegen efectivamente?. Esta es una muestra pequeña pero a la vez representativa para que los profesionales tengamos en cuenta que debemos revalorizar la importancia de la prevención primaria para evitar que los jóvenes se encuentren en situaciones de riesgo (embarazo, ETS) y la necesidad de programas de educación sexual que permitan aumentar los conocimientos acerca de la salud reproductiva. Las dificultades intrínsecas de ésta etapa de la vida hacen imprescindible la instrumentación de políticas de prevención a fin de concientizar acerca de éste grave problema (AU)

Análisis molecular de las mutaciones más frecuentes asociadas a la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita por déficit de la enzima 21 hidroxilasa. / [Molecular analysis of the most frequent mutations associated with congenital adrenal hyperplasia secondary to 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency]

Most cases (90

) of congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) are secondary to steroid 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency (P450c21). In human, the P450c21 gene (CYP21B) is present along with a non functional pseudogene (CYP21A). These genes, located in chromosome 6, present a sequence homology of 98

. This high homology and the complexity of this gene locus brings about considerable difficulties in its molecular analysis and in the interpretation of the results. The aim of the present study was to elaborate an adequate strategy for the analysis of the most frequent mutations described in the CYP21B gene. A total of 77 patients with clinical and biochemical diagnosis of CAH secondary to P450c21 enzyme deficiency, as well as 170 unaffected relatives, were studied. They belonged to 73 unrelated families (146 chromosomes). The strategy allowed for the differentiation of patients with homozygous point mutations (PM), with PM in one allele and deletions, conversions, Ex3 or Cluster Ex6 PM in the other, even though parents were not always available for the study. Furthermore, it allowed for the discrimination of heterozygous deletions or conversions of the CYP21B gene from duplications of the non functional gene CYP21A, as well as CYP21B and A deletions from normal copies of the two genes. An exhaustive molecular analysis of this gene is necessary for an adequate characterization of the alterations present in this locus.

Estrogen priming effect on growth hormone (GH) provocative test: a useful tool for the diagnosis of GH deficiency.

We have studied the effect of estradiol (E2) on the GH-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) axis in 15 prepubertal GH deficiency (GHD) children and 44 prepubertal or early pubertal children with idiopathic short stature (SS). All of them received a daily dose of micronized E2 (1 or 2 mg) or placebo, for 3 days, before a sequential arginine-clonidine test. In SS children, GH maximal responses were 17.8+/-10.9 on placebo and 27.9+/-14.5 microg/L on estrogen (P < 0.0001). The lower 95% confidence limits for GH maximal response changed from 3.7 microg/L (without E2) to 8.3 microg/L (on E2). In GHD children, no significant stimulatory effect of estrogen on GH levels was observed. After placebo, a cut-off limit of 3.7 microg/L (the lower 95% confidence interval limit) resulted in 73% sensitivity, 95% specificity, and an overall 90% diagnostic efficiency. After E2, a cut-off limit of 8.3 microg/L resulted in a sensitivity of 87%, a specificity of 98%, and a diagnostic efficiency of 95%. After placebo, 68% of SS showed normal IGF-I levels, and the mean did not change on E2 (13.7+/-6.3 vs. 14.3+/-6.8 nmol/L, not significant). In 93% of SS, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 levels were normal during placebo. On E2, mean IGFBP-3 did not change (2.63+/-0.70 vs. 2.70+/-0.70 mg/L, not significant). In 14 of 15 GHD patients, IGF-I values were below normal on placebo, and the mean of the group did not change after E2. During placebo, 13 of 15 GHD children presented low IGFBP-3 values. During E2, there was a small significant increase in IGFBP-3 values (1.06+/-0.58 vs. 1.20+/-0.69 mg/L, P < 0.02). The highest diagnostic efficiencies for IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed during placebo (75% and 91%, respectively). We conclude that GH stimulation tests after E2 priming had the highest diagnostic efficiency. Our findings suggest that the effect of estrogen priming on GH stimulated levels, by reducing the number of false nonresponders, might be useful to better discriminate between normal and abnormal GH status in SS children.

Clinical assessment and serum hormonal profile in prepubertal hypertrichosis.

Twenty-two prepubertal girls with hypertrichosis were studied and compared to 10 prepubertal normal girls. Hypertrichosis was assessed according to a score that considers the amount and the distribution of vellus hair in androgen- and non-androgen-sensitive areas. Serum androgen profile and free androgen index (FAI) were determined in both groups. The hypertrichosis score was higher in patients than in the normal girls. Testosterone levels and FAI were increased in patients when compared to control; 3alpha-androstanediol glucuronide levels above 2 SD from the control mean were found in 10 girls and all hormonal parameters falling in the normal range were found in 4 girls. The new score designed to assess the degree of hypertrichosis was useful to differentiate between normal and pathological hair growth. Although most of the girls with prepubertal hypertrichosis showed an increased androgen bio-availability, a slight increase in peripheral 5alpha-reductase activity and a completely normal androgen profile was also associated with a pathological hair growth.

Detección de la deficiencia de 21 hidroxilasa en su forma no clásica en una población argentina de 100 niñas con pubarquia precoz / Detection of non classical 21-O-Hase deficiency in an argentinean population of 100 girls with precocious pubarche

Antecedentes: el déficit no clásico de 21 hidroxilasa es una alteración de la esteroideogénesis adrenal que puede expresarse como pubarquia precoz en la infancia. Para analizar la prevalencia de ésta diferencia en una población argentina con pubarquia precoz, se estudiaron 100 niñas (edad cronológica: 6,55ñ1,62 años) con aparición de vello púbico antes de los 8 años de edad. Métodos: se evaluaron la talla, la edad ósea (EO) y el grado de desarrollo (Tanner). Se efectuó una prueba de estimulación adrenal con ACTH 0,25 mg i.v., determinando 17OH progesterona y cortisol basales y a los 60 min. Los resultados se compararon con el monograma de María New et al. Se midieron las concentraciones basales de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (SDHEA), androstenediona (A), testosterona (T) y proteína ligadora de hormonas sexuales (SHBG). Resultados: clínicamente se distinguieron 2 grupos, 82 niñas con pubarquia precoz aislada (PPA) y 18 con pubarquia precoz asociada con hipertrofia de clítoris (PPH). Tres pacientes PPA y dos PPH presentaron concentraciones elevadas de 17OHP lo que permitió efectuar el diagnóstico de hiperplasia suprarrenal de comienzo tardío. El resto de las pacientes se diagnosticó como pubarquia precoz idiopática. Las concentraciones de T, A y SDHEA en las pacientes con pubarquia precoz idiopática estuvieron en los límites puberales normales, mientras que las concentraciones de SHBG se encontraron en el límite prepuberal. Conclusiones: en nuestra población estudiada se encontró un 5 por ciento de déficit no clásico de 21-hidroxilasa. Esto indicaría la necesidad de solicitar la prueba de estimulación con ACTH en niñas con pubarquia precoz para la detección de ésta deficiencia enzimática (AU)

Detección de la deficiencia de 21 hidroxilasa en su forma no clásica en una población argentina de 100 niñas con pubarquia precoz / Detection of non classical 21-O-Hase deficiency in an argentinean population of 100 girls with precocious pubarche

Antecedentes: el déficit no clásico de 21 hidroxilasa es una alteración de la esteroideogénesis adrenal que puede expresarse como pubarquia precoz en la infancia. Para analizar la prevalencia de ésta diferencia en una población argentina con pubarquia precoz, se estudiaron 100 niñas (edad cronológica: 6,55ñ1,62 años) con aparición de vello púbico antes de los 8 años de edad. Métodos: se evaluaron la talla, la edad ósea (EO) y el grado de desarrollo (Tanner). Se efectuó una prueba de estimulación adrenal con ACTH 0,25 mg i.v., determinando 17OH progesterona y cortisol basales y a los 60 min. Los resultados se compararon con el monograma de María New et al. Se midieron las concentraciones basales de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (SDHEA), androstenediona (A), testosterona (T) y proteína ligadora de hormonas sexuales (SHBG). Resultados: clínicamente se distinguieron 2 grupos, 82 niñas con pubarquia precoz aislada (PPA) y 18 con pubarquia precoz asociada con hipertrofia de clítoris (PPH). Tres pacientes PPA y dos PPH presentaron concentraciones elevadas de 17OHP lo que permitió efectuar el diagnóstico de hiperplasia suprarrenal de comienzo tardío. El resto de las pacientes se diagnosticó como pubarquia precoz idiopática. Las concentraciones de T, A y SDHEA en las pacientes con pubarquia precoz idiopática estuvieron en los límites puberales normales, mientras que las concentraciones de SHBG se encontraron en el límite prepuberal. Conclusiones: en nuestra población estudiada se encontró un 5 por ciento de déficit no clásico de 21-hidroxilasa. Esto indicaría la necesidad de solicitar la prueba de estimulación con ACTH en niñas con pubarquia precoz para la detección de ésta deficiencia enzimática